Gulliver's Travel: Is swift a misanthrope?

Swift is not a misanthrope rather he is a philanthrope. It is the misconception of those who think Swift as a misanthrope. Swift only wants to reform mankind out of their follies and stupidities. He says that the chief end of all his labour is:
"to vex the world rather than divert it".
Secondly, he declares that:


"I have ever hated all nations, professions, and communities and all his love is towards individuals."
Thirdly, though Swift does not believe that:
"Man is a rational animal".
Yet he believes that:
"Man is capable of becoming rational if he makes the necessary efforts."
But we see that Swift is notorious for being misanthrope. He was subjected to this allegation during his lifetime because the critics, identifying Gulliver with Swift, attributed Gulliver's blunders to Swift. That Gulliver, in the last voyage, becomes a misanthrope is undeniable and indisputable. Prima facie, it appears that by developing a negative view of mankind, he starts preferring horses to men, but a solid reason of Swift underlies this act of Gulliver.

We observe that in the fourth voyage, Gulliver reaches a country of animals, ruled by animals. There are two categories of animals living there in: ugly and repulsive brutes – Yahoos:
"Yahoos who are unteachable brutes, cunning, gluttonous and disposed to great mischief".
And comparatively better and nice-looking animals – Houyhnhnms. The moment he enters the country he is confronted with Yahoos and they give him such a nasty and obnoxious treatment that he develops a disliking for them in his heart, which is later converted into hatred owing to their disgusting physical appearance and their filthy and mischievous way of life. But his first meeting with Houyhnhnms, on the other hand, proves a nice experience. And this:
"First impression proves the last impression".
They secure him against Yahoos, behave properly and gracefully escort him to their abode.
"The behaviour of horses shows him to be animals with an extraordinary power of understanding."
Naturally, this kind of treatment creates a sort of fondness in Gulliver's heart for Houyhnhnms and their way of life. Upto this time, nothing is objectionable, but his fault begin when he become so enamored of Houyhnhnms that he starts hating man or equating Yahoos with men, he begins to abhor Man. He develops a general hatred against all men. All the subsequent incidents – his hatred against the Captain, against his family, etc. – reflect his misanthropy.

The blunder which Gulliver committed is that, he over-idealizes them because Gulliver is a man who is fed up with Man's corruption. Therefore, he cannot see corruption in Man. He finds Yahoos in a detestable and abhorrent condition on account of their being a slave of emotions, sensuality and sentimentality. He says:
"Yet I confess I never saw any sensitive being so detestable on all accounts; and the more I came near them, the more hateful they grew, while I stayed in that country."
Houyhnhnms, in a comparatively better condition, lack that type of corruption that Yahoos have, for Houyhnhnms have no emotion.
"Houyhnhnms are free from lust and greed."
Naturally, he attributes whole of Man's corruption to emotions, passions and sentimentality. As a remedy, he starts hating emotions, passion and he falls a victim to pure intellect.
"Here was neither physician to destroy my body, nor lawyer to ruin my fortune, here were no gibers, …, backbiters, …, bawds, …, ravishers, murderers or … poxes."
So, he mis-idealize Houyhnhnms, due to their pure intellect, somehow establishes a subjective ideal before him i.e. to be a man is to have pure intellect. He thinks:
"The only remedy for doing away with Man's corruption and pollution is to get rid of all kinds of emotions".
In the country of Houyhnhnms, when Gulliver has a choice, he adopts for the Houyhnhnms way of life, completely rejecting Yahoos' path. But when he is compelled to leave the country and to break away form his beloved way of life, and to come to another way of life which he dislikes, it is but natural for him to hate it. In fact, his this ideal is perfectly erroneous. Swift says:
"Idealism leads towards destruction."
So, it is wrong to detest Man, equating him with Yahoos and it is again inappropriate to set up the ideal of perfect man on the basis of Houyhnhnms' pure intellect because neither a Houyhnhnms nor a Yahoo is a man, instead, man is a juxtaposition of both intellect and emotions.
"The best code of conduct is Golden Mean which is 'balance'."
So he mis-defines Man. However, the fact of the matter remains whether Swift becomes a misanthrope or not, but can we impute Gulliver's misanthropy to Swift? If we virtually succeed to establish, some identity between Swift and Gulliver, Swift, too, will become a misanthrope.
But according to Swift a man is he who strikes a balance between rationality and sensuality and this balance is not gifted by birth. It has to be acquired. That's why even Gulliver is subjected to Swift's satire, for he loses the said balance.

That is the reason we don't identify Gulliver with Swift and, inspite of Gulliver's misanthropy, we call Swift a great philanthropist. As he, himself, says:
"I write for the noblest end, to inform and instruct mankind."

Political Satire in Gulliver's Travels

Swift's "Gulliver's Travels" is a pure piece of satire where he satirizes party politics, religious differences, and western Culture as a whole in ways still relevant to today's world. But what we find mostly after reading "Book-1" is that it is an allegorical representation of English politics. In where Swift depicts the total political corruption beginning from 16th century and ending with 18th century.

One of the forms of political satire is embodied in the first culture that is met by Gulliver. In Gulliver's first adventure, he begins on a ship that runs aground on a submerged rock. He swims to land, and when he awakens, he finds himself tied down to the ground, and surrounded by tiny people, the Lilliputians. "Irony is present from the start in the simultaneous recreation of Gulliver as giant and prisoner" (Reilly 167). Gulliver is surprised "at the intrepidity of these diminutive mortals, who dare venture to mount and walk upon my body" (I.i.16). The Lilliputians are the embodiment of England of the time period. The Lilliputians are small people who control Gulliver through means of threats. "...when in an instant I felt above a hundred arrows discharged into my left hand, which pricked my like so many needles; and besides they shot another flight into the air, as we do bombs in Europe" (Swift, 24). England was a small country that had Europe (represented by Gulliver) and many other parts of the world under their control.

Gulliver encounters the ridiculous nature of war. His first encounter of war is in the form of a dispute over the way to eat an egg. A former king took the right of personal preference away from his people by telling them to eat the egg from the small end instead of the large end. Swift relates this trait to the situations where a dominant ruler oppresses nations. It also shows how a simple, ridiculous act can bring forth war. The fight continues through generations, soon the people continued to fight without really understanding why. Some of the people resisted, and they found refuge in Blefuscu, and "for six and thirty moons past" the two sides have been at war (I.iv.48). For Swift, Lilliput is analogous to England, and Blefuscu to France. With this event of the story Swift satirizes the needless bickering and fighting between the two nations.


Also vehicles of Swift's satire were the peculiar customs of the nation of Lilliput. The methods of selecting people for public office in Lilliput are very different from that of any other nation, or rather, would appear to be so at first. In order to be chosen, a man must "rope dance" to the best of his abilities; the best rope dancer receives the higher office. “ this diversion is only practiced by those persons who are candidates for great employments and high favour at court”. While no nation of Europe in Swift's time followed such an absurd practice, they did not choose public officers on skill, but rather on how well the candidate could line the right pockets with money.

Gulliver also tells of their custom of burying "their dead with their heads directly downwards...The learned among them confess the absurdity of this doctrine, but the practice still continues" (I.vi.60). At this point in the story, Gulliver has not yet realized that by seeing the absurdity of the Lilliputians' traditions, that he might see the absurdity in European ones. With this Swift satirizes the conditions of Europe.

Again in the same passage, we get Flimnap. According to Swift: “Flimnap, the treasure is allowed to cut a caper on the strait rope at least an inch higher than any other lord in the whole Empire" Here Swift's model for Flimnap , the most dexterous of the rope dancers, was Robert Walpole, the leader of the Whig and an extremely witty politician. His official position was like that of treasurers.

"The capering on a tight rope symbolizes Walpole's dexterity in parliamentary tactics and political intrigues” (C.H. Firth, book - Political significance of Gulliver's Travels)

Again in the chapter 3 the kings cushions represents the Duchess of Kendal, One of George i’s mistresses, whom Walpole was believed to have bribed in order to return in power in 1721. Thus, Swift was particularly antipathetic towards the Duchess and enjoyed satirizing Walpole because during his time political corruption reached the highest peak-

"Walpole's regime (i.e. systems of Government) was full of more political corruption."
(Professor M. Shamsuddin, Swift,s moral satire)

Again in chapter 4 , book 1, swift also narrates the folly of the religious war between Lilliput and Blefuscu to immediate European politics-“ there ( in Lilliput) have been two struggling parties in this Empire, under the name of Tramecksan and Slamecksan, from the high and low heels on their shoes, by which they distinguish themselves."

Here two Lilliputians parties stand for English political parties. The high heels represent Tories, the low heels Whigs. These two massacre the English soil both politically and by religion. In Swift's voice- "we computed the Tramecksan , or High heels , to exceed us in number; but the power wholly on our side" refers to the succession of Whigs in 1714 (i.e. the Hanoverian succession) though the Tories were large in number. Here, it should be mentioned that at first Swift was Whig and later joined the Tory. Again the king was sympathetic to the Whigs. He used them to support Hanover against France and appointed them to official positions to strengthen his position against the House of Lords. Thus the Lilliputians empire, who is George i, wears low heels which is censured by Swift.

Therefore, we can say, religion was a political issue during Swift's time. Owing to a minor religious issue there caused a serious conflict and it also results in the division of the nation into two political groups. Many lives were taken and many kings were to lose their power even their life was taken.

In the concluding part, we can say that Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels is a satirical work. Here he shows the problems , oddities………………………………..

A Modest Proposal

Irony in A Modest Proposal

A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift is a seemingly outrageous proposal, but by the proposal he indicts the English Protestants for their cruel and inhumane treatment of the Papists, or the Catholics, through both economic and Political oppression. And Swift has ironically shown these oppressions, unawareness and cruelty of the Government, landlords and the masses by this essay.

Swift's motives for writing A Modest Proposal, which appeared in 1729, were complex. He lived in an Ireland which was a colony and it was politically, militarily and economically dependent upon England. It was clearly in England's interest to keep a weak Ireland that could not threaten England, and the measures that kept were weak. As a result, Ireland was a desperately poor country, overpopulated, full, as Swift said, of beggars. She was devastated periodically by famine, heavily taxed, and with no say at all in its own affairs. England controlled the Irish legislature. English absentee landlords owned most of the land. Irish manufactories were deliberately disabled so that they could not compete with those in England.

Jonathan Swift's masterful satire, "A Modest Proposal", proposes to solve the devastating poverty in Ireland by selling poor children as food for wealthy families. Swift goes on to explain how this would solve all of Ireland's problems from domestic abuse to poverty. Swift's projector explains his proposal in depth, in many ways treating these children as nothing more than a new type of livestock. Towards the end, however, Swift lists numerous reforms that could help the country. This list makes a change in tone.

In the essay, Swift shocks the reader with the idea of eating babies to solve the problems of famine and poverty in Ireland. However, Swift was not solely aiming at humorous comedy. The overstated proposal knocks the reader back, but certain passages in the essay seem to carry a hint of real, sustaining anger and revolution. As William Goodman, Dept. Of English, Brown University, Ontario, Canada, says, "Jonathan Swift's argument in A Modest Proposal is not just ridiculous; it is perhaps the most utterly and completely ridiculous argument ever written, and as such, it perfectly fits Swift's intentions."

In the essay, Swift ironically criticizes the inaptitude of Irish politicians, the hypocrisy of the wealthy, the tyranny of the English. This is seen most clearly when his projector muses that England would be more than willing to eat the Irish even without such a proposal, saying, "….I could name a country which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it."

Yet perhaps even more criticism is heaped on the Irish for not recognizing the horror of their own situation, and not taking constructive steps to remedy the problem. Without excusing any party, the essay shows that not only the English but also the Irish themselves and not only the Irish politicians but also the masses are responsible for the nation's lamentable state.

In the title of this essay, Swift categorizes these children as burden instead of assets. A child becomes burden to the country, or to the society, or to the family when he is deprived of five basic needs of human being and when he is unable to manage his livelihood by fair means to support himself and his family. Actually it is the duty of the Government to provide these facilities, but when the Government is busy with their own exploitation, human rights must be broken.

He asserts to provide the nation a very beautiful environment which will be better for everybody. He says, "But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed beggars; it is of a much greater extent..."After that he unveils his most inmost proposal saying , . "I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child, well nursed, is, at a year old, a most delicious, nourishing, and wholesome food..."obviously it is a shocking proposal, because no civilized man wants to eat human flesh. By saying this he has ironically indicated that, although the landlords, Governments, and other authorities are fully unaware to take constructive steps to solve the problem of population among the Irish people, they will be glad to get the advantages from them by any of cruel ways for their own exploitation.

His "Modest Proposal" offers statistical data, political analysis, and even future projections to the improvements that will e made upon the country. Swift not only points out the numerous advantages of his proposal, but also challenges other to come up with their own one that solves the problems of poverty and overpopulation in a manner that is more beneficial to their country.

As this essay is full of irony, Swift attacks sometimes the Governments, sometimes the landlords, and sometimes the masses. On a large level, he indicts the brutality of man as a whole. Even in the opening paragraph he says, "It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads, and cabin- doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for an alms." It is not the shame for those people only, but it is also a shame for the whole nation. This is why the nation itself is also responsible for this lamentable situation. His compassion for the bleak situation is severe one, and he includes a critique of their incompetence in dealing with their own problem.

His piece protests the utter inefficacy of Irish political leadership, and it also attacks the orientation of so many contemporary reformers toward economic utilitarianism. While Swift himself was an astute thinker, he often expressed contempt for the application of supposedly scientific management ideas to humanitarian concerns. The main rhetorical challenge of this bitingly ironic essay is capturing the attention of an audience whose indifference has been well tasted. Swift makes his point negatively, stringing together an appalling set of morally untenable position in order to cast blame and aspersion far and wide.

The very fact that such an immodest proposal can be given and received with such seriousness proves that all people involved have lost even the thinnest shred of human decency and respect. Moreover, Swift is very much sure that Irish Government, landlords and their rich people will be glad to eat human flesh without saying anything, because they have lost their sense.

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